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Occurance and Extraction of Metals — Syllabus

Telangana Open School (TOSS) · Class 12 · Chemistry

What Occurance and Extraction of Metals covers in Telangana Open School (TOSS) Class 12 Chemistry: 4 topics, for the 2026-27 session.

51 questions30 flashcards5 concepts

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4 Topics · Telangana Open School (TOSS) Class 12 Chemistry · 2026-27

Topics in Occurance and Extraction of Metals

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1. Occurrence of Metals

  • Metals occur in nature in two forms: free (native) state and combined state.
  • Noble metals like gold, silver, and platinum are unreactive and occur in free state.
  • Most reactive metals form compounds such as oxides, sulphides, carbonates, and halides.
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2. Steps in Metal Extraction

  • The extraction process involves five main steps: Crushing → Concentration → Roasting/Calcination → Reduction → Refining.
  • Crushing and pulverization break large ore pieces into fine powder for easier processing.
  • Concentration removes gangue using physical or chemical methods.
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3. Concentration of Ores

  • Purpose: Remove gangue from powdered ore.
  • Gravity separation: Used for heavy oxide ores like haematite and tinstone.
  • Magnetic separation: For ores with magnetic impurities or magnetic ores.
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4. Reduction of Metal Oxides

  • Carbon (coke) is the most common reducing agent for Fe, Zn, Sn.
  • Highly reactive metals (Al, Cr, Mn) use aluminium in thermite process.
  • Volatile metals like Zn, Hg are purified by distillation.

Key Concepts

Central concept: Metallurgy

Occurrence of MetalsExtraction StepsConcentration MethodsCalcination and RoastingReduction MethodsRefining MethodsThermodynamic PrinciplesElectrochemical Principles

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Frequently Asked Questions

What are the important topics in Occurance and Extraction of Metals for Telangana Open School (TOSS) Class 12 Chemistry?
Key topics in Occurance and Extraction of Metals include Occurrence of Metals, Steps in Metal Extraction, Concentration of Ores, Reduction of Metal Oxides. Study these first, then practise questions on each for the Telangana Open School (TOSS) Class 12 board exam.
How should I revise Occurance and Extraction of Metals for the Telangana Open School (TOSS) Class 12 board exam?
Learn the core ideas first, then work through the 51 practice questions on Occurance and Extraction of Metals. Revise definitions regularly and use flashcards for quick recall before the exam.

Sources & Official References

Content is aligned to the official syllabus. Refer to the board website for the latest curriculum.

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All Telangana Open School (TOSS) Class 12 Chemistry Syllabus

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