Biomolecules
Telangana Open School (TOSS) · Class 12 · Chemistry
Complete topic list for Biomolecules in Telangana Open School (TOSS) Class 12 Chemistry. Key concepts, sub-topics, and what to focus on for board exams.
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Topics in Biomolecules
Carbohydrates
- Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones, or substances that yield such compounds on hydrolysis.
- They are classified into monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides based on hydrolysis behavior.
- Monosaccharides cannot be hydrolyzed further; examples include glucose (aldohexose) and fructose (ketohexose).
Proteins
- Proteins are polymers of α-amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
- There are 20 naturally occurring α-amino acids; 10 are essential (must be obtained from diet).
- Peptide bond is an amide linkage formed between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another with loss of water.
Lipids
- Lipids are biomolecules insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents like chloroform and ether.
- Simple lipids include fats, oils, and waxes; they are esters of fatty acids with glycerol or long-chain alcohols.
- Fats are triglycerides that are solid at room temperature (mostly saturated); oils are liquid (unsaturated).
Nucleic Acids
- Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides; two types: DNA and RNA.
- A nucleotide consists of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group.
- DNA contains deoxyribose sugar and bases A, T, C, G; RNA has ribose and A, U, C, G.
Key Concepts
Central concept: Biomolecules
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