d-block and f-block Elements — Syllabus
Telangana Open School (TOSS) · Class 12 · Chemistry
What d-block and f-block Elements covers in Telangana Open School (TOSS) Class 12 Chemistry: 4 topics, for the 2026-27 session.
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Topics in d-block and f-block Elements
Transition Elements and Electronic Configuration
- Transition elements are defined as those with partially filled d-orbitals in either atomic or ionic state.
- General electronic configuration: (n-1)d¹⁻¹⁰ ns¹⁻².
- Exceptions: Cr (Z=24) has configuration [Ar] 3d⁵ 4s¹ (not 3d⁴ 4s²) due to half-filled stability.
Physical and Chemical Properties of Transition Elements
- High melting and boiling points due to strong metallic bonding and small atomic size.
- High density increases across the series, peaking at groups 8–10.
- Atomic radii decrease from left to right due to poor shielding by d-electrons, leading to increased effective nuclear charge.
Magnetic and Color Properties
- Paramagnetism arises from unpaired electrons; more unpaired electrons mean higher magnetic moment.
- Diamagnetic substances have all electrons paired.
- Magnetic moment calculated using μ = √[n(n+2)] B.M., where n = number of unpaired electrons.
Alloy Formation, Interstitial Compounds, and Catalytic Properties
- Transition metals form alloys due to similar atomic sizes allowing substitution in crystal lattice.
- Interstitial compounds form when small atoms like H, C, N occupy voids in metal lattice — very hard and rigid.
- Catalytic activity due to variable oxidation states and ability to adsorb reactants on surface.
Key Concepts
Central concept: Transition and Inner Transition Elements
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