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Respiration and Elimination of Nitrogenous Wastes — Syllabus

Telangana Open School (TOSS) · Class 12 · Biology

What Respiration and Elimination of Nitrogenous Wastes covers in Telangana Open School (TOSS) Class 12 Biology: 4 topics, for the 2026-27 session.

48 questions30 flashcards5 concepts

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4 Topics · Telangana Open School (TOSS) Class 12 Biology · 2026-27

Topics in Respiration and Elimination of Nitrogenous Wastes

1

Respiration and Breathing

  • Respiration is the step-wise oxidation of glucose to release energy in the form of ATP.
  • Breathing involves two phases: inspiration (taking in air) and expiration (releasing air).
  • In humans, gaseous exchange occurs in the alveoli of the lungs.
2

Gas Transport in Blood

  • Oxygen is mainly transported as oxyhaemoglobin in red blood cells.
  • About 97% of oxygen binds with haemoglobin; only 3% dissolves in plasma.
  • Carbon dioxide is transported in three forms: dissolved in plasma (5–7%), as carbamino-haemoglobin (23%), and as bicarbonate ions (70%).
3

Excretion and Nitrogenous Wastes

  • Excretion is the removal of metabolic waste products, especially nitrogenous wastes like ammonia, urea, and uric acid.
  • Animals are classified as ammonotelic, ureotelic, or uricotelic based on their main nitrogenous waste.
  • Human kidneys filter blood and form urine through ultrafiltration, selective reabsorption, and tubular secretion.
4

Structure and Function of the Kidney

  • The human excretory system includes kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
  • Each kidney contains about 1 million nephrons.
  • Urine formation involves three steps: ultrafiltration, selective reabsorption, and tubular secretion.

Key Concepts

Central concept: Respiration and Excretion

RespirationExcretionCommon Respiratory Disorders

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Frequently Asked Questions

What are the important topics in Respiration and Elimination of Nitrogenous Wastes for Telangana Open School (TOSS) Class 12 Biology?
Key topics in Respiration and Elimination of Nitrogenous Wastes include Respiration and Breathing, Gas Transport in Blood, Excretion and Nitrogenous Wastes, Structure and Function of the Kidney. Study these first, then practise questions on each for the Telangana Open School (TOSS) Class 12 board exam.
How should I revise Respiration and Elimination of Nitrogenous Wastes for the Telangana Open School (TOSS) Class 12 board exam?
Learn the core ideas first, then work through the 48 practice questions on Respiration and Elimination of Nitrogenous Wastes. Revise definitions regularly and use flashcards for quick recall before the exam.

Sources & Official References

Content is aligned to the official syllabus. Refer to the board website for the latest curriculum.

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