Molecular Inheritance and Gene Expression
Telangana Open School (TOSS) · Class 12 · Biology
Complete topic list for Molecular Inheritance and Gene Expression in Telangana Open School (TOSS) Class 12 Biology. Key concepts, sub-topics, and what to focus on for board exams.
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Topics in Molecular Inheritance and Gene Expression
Discovery of DNA as Genetic Material
- Griffith's experiment (1928) showed bacterial transformation: non-virulent R-strain became virulent when mixed with heat-killed S-strain.
- Avery, MacLeod & McCarty (1944) proved DNA is the 'transforming principle' by showing only DNA can cause transformation.
- Hershey-Chase experiment (1952) used radioactive labeling: DNA (labeled with P-32) entered bacteria, not protein (labeled with S-35), proving DNA is genetic material.
Structure of DNA
- DNA is a double helix made of two antiparallel strands.
- Each nucleotide has deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base (A, T, G, C).
- A pairs with T via 2 hydrogen bonds; G pairs with C via 3 hydrogen bonds.
RNA and Its Types
- RNA is single-stranded, contains ribose sugar and uracil instead of thymine.
- Three main types: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA.
- mRNA carries genetic code from DNA to ribosome.
Central Dogma and Gene Expression
- Central Dogma: DNA → RNA → Protein.
- Replication: DNA makes a copy of itself.
- Transcription: DNA to mRNA in nucleus.
Key Concepts
Central concept: Genetic Information Flow
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