Genetics and Society
Telangana Open School (TOSS) · Class 12 · Biology
Complete topic list for Genetics and Society in Telangana Open School (TOSS) Class 12 Biology. Key concepts, sub-topics, and what to focus on for board exams.
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Topics in Genetics and Society
Gene Cloning and Gene Bank
- Gene cloning is the process of producing multiple identical copies of a specific gene.
- It uses recombinant DNA technology to insert a desired gene into a bacterial plasmid.
- The bacteria multiply, creating a clone of cells carrying the same gene.
Recombinant DNA Technology
- Also known as genetic engineering, it combines DNA from two different sources.
- Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sequences; plasmids act as vectors.
- Steps: Isolate gene → cut with restriction enzyme → insert into plasmid → transfer to bacteria → allow cloning.
Transgenic Organisms
- Transgenic organisms have foreign genes inserted into their genome using genetic engineering.
- Also called genetically modified (GM) organisms.
- Examples: Bt cotton (pest-resistant), transgenic goats producing clotting protein in milk.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
- PCR is used to make millions of copies of a small DNA sample.
- Uses DNA polymerase enzyme, especially Taq polymerase from heat-loving bacteria.
- Steps: Denaturation (heating to separate strands), Annealing (cooling to attach primers), Extension (building new strands).
Key Concepts
Central concept: Genetics and Society
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