Circulation of Body Fluids — Syllabus
Telangana Open School (TOSS) · Class 12 · Biology
What Circulation of Body Fluids covers in Telangana Open School (TOSS) Class 12 Biology: 4 topics, for the 2026-27 session.
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Topics in Circulation of Body Fluids
Importance of Circulatory System
- Transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and antibodies to cells.
- Removes carbon dioxide and metabolic wastes from tissues.
- Helps in maintaining body temperature and pH balance.
Open vs Closed Circulatory System
- In open circulation, blood flows freely into body cavities (sinuses), directly bathing organs.
- Found in arthropods (e.g., cockroach) and most molluscs.
- In closed circulation, blood remains inside blood vessels at all times.
Human Circulatory System
- Consists of heart, blood vessels, and blood.
- Four-chambered heart: two atria (receiving chambers) and two ventricles (pumping chambers).
- Right side handles deoxygenated blood; left side handles oxygenated blood.
Structure and Function of Heart
- Heart is a mesoderm-derived, muscular organ located in the mediastinum.
- Covered by pericardium (fibrous + serous layers) with pericardial fluid to reduce friction.
- Wall layers: epicardium (outer), myocardium (muscular), endocardium (inner lining).
Key Concepts
Central concept: Circulation of Body Fluids
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Content is aligned to the official syllabus. Refer to the board website for the latest curriculum.
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