Genetics and Heredity
Telangana Open School (TOSS) · Class 12 · Biology
Complete topic list for Genetics and Heredity in Telangana Open School (TOSS) Class 12 Biology. Key concepts, sub-topics, and what to focus on for board exams.
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Topics in Genetics and Heredity
Heredity and Variation
- Heredity is the transmission of traits from parents to offspring through genes.
- Variation refers to differences among individuals of the same species, even within the same family.
- Variations arise due to mutations, segregation of chromosomes, and recombination of genes during meiosis.
Mendel's Experiments and Laws of Inheritance
- Mendel used garden pea (Pisum sativum) for his experiments due to its clear contrasting traits and ease of cross-pollination.
- He studied seven pairs of contrasting traits such as tall vs dwarf, round vs wrinkled seeds.
- Monohybrid cross involves one pair of contrasting traits; dihybrid cross involves two pairs.
Mendel's Laws of Inheritance
- Law of Dominance: In a heterozygous condition, only the dominant allele expresses itself.
- Law of Segregation: During gamete formation, alleles separate so each gamete gets one allele.
- Law of Independent Assortment: Genes for different traits assort independently during gamete formation.
Deviations from Mendel's Laws
- Incomplete dominance: Neither allele is completely dominant; hybrid shows intermediate trait (e.g., pink flowers in Mirabilis).
- Codominance: Both alleles express fully in heterozygote (e.g., AB blood group, roan coat in cattle).
- Multiple alleles: A gene has more than two forms (e.g., IA, IB, i for blood groups).
Key Concepts
Central concept: Genetics and Heredity
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