Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter

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The emission of electrons from a metal surface when light of sufficiently high frequency (above threshold frequency) is incident on it. These emitted electrons are called photoelectrons.

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The minimum energy required by an electron to escape from the metal surface. It is denoted by φ₀ and measured in electron volts (eV).

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The minimum frequency of incident light below which no photoelectrons are emitted from a metal surface. It is denoted by ν₀ and depends on the material.

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Because the energy of each photon depends only on frequency (E = hν), not intensity. Increasing intensity increases the number of photons, hence more photoelectrons, but their maximum kinetic energy r…

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The minimum retarding potential applied to stop the fastest photoelectrons, making the photoelectric current zero. It is related to maximum kinetic energy: eV₀ = ½mv_max².

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Step 1: Energy of photon E = hν = (6.6 × 10⁻³⁴) × (1.2 × 10¹⁵) = 7.92 × 10⁻¹⁹ J Step 2: Convert to eV: 7.92 × 10⁻¹⁹ / 1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ = 4.95 eV Step 3: K_max = E - φ₀ = 4.95 - 4.3 = 0.65 eV Answer: 0.65 e…

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Step 1: ν = c/λ = (3 × 10⁸) / (400 × 10⁻⁹) = 7.5 × 10¹⁴ Hz Step 2: E = hν = (6.6 × 10⁻³⁴)(7.5 × 10¹⁴) = 4.95 × 10⁻¹⁹ J = 3.09 eV Step 3: Since 3.09 eV > 2.3 eV, photoelectrons will be emitted. Answer:…

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hν = φ₀ + K_max Where hν is energy of incident photon, φ₀ is work function, and K_max is maximum kinetic energy of emitted photoelectron.