Genetics and Heredity

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Gregor Johann Mendel is known as the Father of Genetics because he was the first to explain the mechanism of inheritance through his experiments on garden pea plants. He discovered the fundamental law…

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Heredity is the transmission of characters or traits from parents to their offspring. These traits, such as eye color, height, or hair color, are passed through genes present in DNA. For example, a ch…

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Variation refers to the differences seen among individuals of the same species. These can be between parents and offspring or among siblings. Variations arise due to mutations, random segregation of c…

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Mendel chose pea plants because: (1) they have a short life cycle, (2) are easy to grow and maintain, (3) have bisexual flowers that naturally self-pollinate, allowing controlled cross-pollination, an…

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A monohybrid cross is a cross between two parents that differ in only one pair of contrasting traits. For example, crossing a tall pea plant with a dwarf pea plant to study the inheritance of height.

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A dihybrid cross involves two pairs of contrasting traits. For example, crossing a plant with round yellow seeds (RRYY) with one having wrinkled green seeds (rryy). The F2 generation shows a phenotypi…

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The Law of Dominance states that in a heterozygous condition (e.g., Tt), only the dominant allele (T) expresses itself in the phenotype, while the recessive allele (t) remains masked. For example, in …

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The Law of Segregation states that during gamete formation, the two alleles for a trait separate so that each gamete carries only one allele. For example, a Tt plant produces gametes with either T or …