Biomolecules

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Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones, or substances that yield such compounds upon hydrolysis. They are commonly known as sugars when sweet in taste.

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Carbohydrates are classified into three types: 1. Monosaccharides – cannot be hydrolyzed further (e.g., glucose). 2. Disaccharides – yield two monosaccharide units on hydrolysis (e.g., sucrose). 3. Po…

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D-Glucose is an aldohexose with six carbon atoms and an aldehyde group. It exists in both open-chain and cyclic forms. Open-chain: CH₂OH–CHOH–CHOH–CHOH–CHOH–CHO Cyclic form: Forms a six-membered pyr…

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Maltose is formed by the condensation of two α-D-glucose molecules. A glycosidic linkage (α-1,4) forms between C-1 of one glucose and C-4 of another, releasing one H₂O molecule. Reaction: α-D-glucose…

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Sucrose hydrolyzes to form one molecule each of glucose and fructose. Balanced Equation: C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ (sucrose) + H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ (glucose) + C₆H₁₂O₆ (fructose) This reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme i…

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Anomers are stereoisomers that differ in configuration only at the anomeric carbon (C-1 in aldoses or C-2 in ketoses) formed during cyclization. Example: α-D-glucose and β-D-glucose are anomers. In α…

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Both are components of starch. - Amylose: Linear polymer of α-D-glucose linked by α-1,4 glycosidic bonds. Soluble in water. - Amylopectin: Branched polymer with α-1,4 links in chain and α-1,6 links at…

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Cellulose is made of β-D-glucose units linked by β-1,4-glycosidic bonds. Humans lack the enzyme cellulase required to break these bonds. Ruminants have symbiotic bacteria that produce cellulase.