General Laboratory Equipment

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An incubator maintains a constant, regulated temperature inside its chamber. It is used to keep materials like paraffin wax melted (at 50–55°C), study enzyme activity at different temperatures, and dr…

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The main parts of an incubator are: insulated box, heating unit, thermostat, temperature knob, indicator bulb, door with latch, internal shelves, and a roof hole for inserting a thermometer.

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The thermostat regulates and maintains the desired temperature inside the incubator. It automatically switches the heating unit on or off to keep the internal temperature stable.

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An autoclave is an electric instrument that sterilizes glassware and other materials using high-pressure steam. It works on the same principle as a pressure cooker and is essential for preventing cont…

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An autoclave uses high-pressure saturated steam at about 121°C for 15–20 minutes. This high temperature under pressure kills all microorganisms, including spores, ensuring complete sterilization of la…

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A kymograph is used to record muscle contractions, nerve impulses, and heartbeats. It produces a graphical tracing of physiological activity over time using a rotating drum and a lever system.

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The main parts are: an electric motor (rotates the drum), a muscle or heart mount (holds the specimen), a lever with a pointer (records movement), and a rotating drum wrapped with paper for tracing.

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When a muscle contracts, it pulls the lever down. The pointer attached to the lever traces a dip on the rotating drum’s paper. As the muscle relaxes, the lever returns, recording a rise—creating a vis…