Immunobiology

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Edward Jenner is considered the father of immunology. He developed the smallpox vaccine using cowpox virus, observing that milkmaids who had cowpox were immune to smallpox.

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Immunity is the ability of an individual to resist or fight against disease-causing microorganisms. It involves the immune system recognizing and eliminating foreign agents like bacteria, viruses, and…

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'Self' refers to the body's own cells and molecules, while 'non-self' refers to foreign substances like pathogens or toxins. The immune system distinguishes between them to attack only non-self compon…

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1. Defence against microorganisms (like bacteria and viruses).<br>2. Recognition and destruction of mutant or cancerous cells (immune surveillance).<br>3. Removal of damaged or non-functional cells to…

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1. First line: Physical and chemical barriers (skin, mucus, lysozyme).<br>2. Second line: Innate immune responses (phagocytes, NK cells, inflammation, fever).<br>3. Third line: Adaptive immune respons…

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The skin has a tough outer layer made of keratin that is impermeable to most pathogens. It also produces sebum, which creates an acidic environment that kills many microbes. Sweat and salt further inh…

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Mucous membranes line the respiratory, digestive, and urogenital tracts. They trap pathogens in sticky mucus, and cilia in the respiratory tract move the mucus upward to be expelled. This prevents pat…

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Phagocytic cells are white blood cells that engulf and destroy pathogens through phagocytosis. Two main types are:<br>1. Neutrophils (microphages) – short-lived, abundant in blood.<br>2. Macrophages –…