Molecular Inheritance and Gene Expression
Telangana Open School (TOSS) · Class 12 · Biology
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What is the full form of DNA and what is its primary role in cells?
Answer
DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic Acid. It is the hereditary material in most organisms and carries the genetic instructions used in the development, functioning, and reproduction of all living organism…
Who discovered the transforming principle in bacteria and how was it proven?
Answer
Frederick Griffith discovered the transforming principle in 1928 through his experiment on *Streptococcus pneumoniae*. He found that heat-killed virulent (S) strain could transform non-virulent (R) st…
Explain the Hershey-Chase experiment and its significance.
Answer
Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase (1952) used radioactive labeling to prove that DNA is the genetic material. They labeled bacteriophage T2 with either radioactive phosphorus (in DNA) or radioactive sul…
What are the three components of a nucleotide in DNA?
Answer
A nucleotide in DNA consists of: (1) a five-carbon sugar called deoxyribose, (2) a phosphate group, and (3) one of four nitrogenous bases: Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), or Cytosine (C). These…
Differentiate between purines and pyrimidines with examples.
Answer
Purines are nitrogenous bases with a double-ring structure. Examples: Adenine (A) and Guanine (G). Pyrimidines have a single-ring structure. Examples: Cytosine (C), Thymine (T) in DNA, and Uracil (U) …
What is Chargaff's rule?
Answer
Chargaff's rule states that in a DNA molecule: (1) the amount of Adenine (A) equals Thymine (T), and Guanine (G) equals Cytosine (C), i.e., A = T and G = C. (2) The total amount of purines (A + G) equ…
Describe the double helical structure of DNA as proposed by Watson and Crick.
Answer
Watson and Crick (1953) proposed that DNA is a double helix made of two antiparallel strands. The sugar-phosphate backbones are on the outside, and nitrogenous bases face inward, pairing via hydrogen …
What is the difference between a nucleoside and a nucleotide?
Answer
A nucleoside consists of a nitrogenous base attached to a sugar (deoxyribose in DNA, ribose in RNA), e.g., deoxyadenosine. A nucleotide is a nucleoside with one or more phosphate groups attached, e.g.
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