External Morphology - Plants

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External morphology refers to the study of the external features of a plant such as shape, size, structure, and function of its parts like roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits. It helps in identi…

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Root is the underground part of the plant that develops from the radicle of the embryo. It is positively geotropic (grows towards gravity) and negatively phototropic (grows away from light). It lacks …

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1. Region of Meristematic Activity: Contains actively dividing cells at the tip. 2. Region of Elongation: Cells grow longer here. 3. Region of Root Hair Zone: Has root hairs that increase surface area…

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Tap root develops from the radicle and forms a main root with lateral branches; found in dicots (e.g., pea, carrot). Adventitious roots arise from parts other than the radicle, such as stems or leaves…

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Tap root: Pea (*Pisum*), Sunflower (*Helianthus*), Carrot. Fibrous root: Maize (*Zea mays*), Wheat (*Triticum*), Sugarcane (*Saccharum*).

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1. Anchoring the plant in the soil. 2. Absorbing water and mineral nutrients. 3. Storing food (e.g., carrot, beet). 4. Assisting in gaseous exchange (e.g., pneumatophores in mangroves). 5. Nitrogen fi…

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Roots are modified to perform special functions: 1. Storage – Fusiform (radish), Napiform (beet), Conical (carrot). 2. Respiration – Pneumatophores in *Rhizophora*. 3. Support – Prop roots in banyan, …

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Stem is the aerial part of the plant that develops from the plumule. It bears nodes, internodes, leaves, flowers, and buds. Unlike root, it is negatively geotropic, positively phototropic, green in yo…