Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers

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This is a primary (1°) alcohol because the carbon bearing the -OH group is attached to only one alkyl group (ethyl).

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The IUPAC name is 2-methylpropan-2-ol. The longest chain has three carbons with a methyl group on carbon 2, and the -OH is on carbon 2.

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2CH₃CH₂OH(l) + 2Na(s) → 2CH₃CH₂O⁻Na⁺(s) + H₂(g). This reaction produces sodium ethoxide and hydrogen gas, showing the acidic nature of alcohols.

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Ethene undergoes acid-catalyzed hydration: CH₂=CH₂(g) + H₂O(l) → CH₃CH₂OH(l) in presence of H₃PO₄ or H₂SO₄. The reaction follows Markovnikov’s rule.

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Phenol is more acidic because the phenoxide ion is resonance-stabilized. The negative charge is delocalized over the benzene ring. In ethanol, the alkoxide ion has no such stabilization, making it les…

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Phenol reacts with Br₂(aq) to give 2,4,6-tribromophenol (white precipitate): C₆H₅OH + 3Br₂ → C₆H₂Br₃OH↓ + 3HBr. This is a test for phenol.

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Ethanol < Phenol < p-Nitrophenor. p-Nitrophenol is most acidic due to electron-withdrawing -NO₂ group enhancing resonance stabilization of phenoxide ion. Ethanol is weakest acid.

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Lucas reagent is a mixture of anhydrous ZnCl₂ and concentrated HCl. It distinguishes 1°, 2°, and 3° alcohols based on turbidity: 3° – immediate, 2° – within 5–10 min, 1° – no turbidity at room tempera…