The Liquid State

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Liquids have strong intermolecular forces that keep molecules close together (definite volume), but the molecules can move past one another, allowing the liquid to take the shape of its container.

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Liquids are incompressible because their molecules are already very close together with minimal empty space between them. Applying pressure cannot significantly reduce this distance.

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Diffusion in liquids occurs because molecules are in constant motion. Though slower than in gases, this movement allows molecules to spread from regions of higher concentration to lower concentration …

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Evaporation is the process by which molecules at the surface of a liquid gain enough kinetic energy to escape into the vapour phase. It occurs at all temperatures between the freezing and boiling poin…

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Increasing temperature increases the average kinetic energy of liquid molecules. More molecules can overcome intermolecular forces and escape into vapour, thus increasing the evaporation rate.

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Water on the skin evaporates by absorbing heat (latent heat of vaporization) from the body. This cooling effect makes us feel cold even on a warm day.

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Vapour pressure is the pressure exerted by the vapour of a liquid when it is in dynamic equilibrium with its liquid phase in a closed container at a given temperature.

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Vapour pressure increases with temperature because more molecules have sufficient kinetic energy to escape from the liquid surface into the vapour phase.