Solutions

Answer

A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. Example: Sugar dissolved in water forms a sugar solution.

Answer

Solute is the substance that dissolves (e.g., sugar). Solvent is the substance in which the solute dissolves (e.g., water). In a sugar-water solution, sugar is the solute and water is the solvent.

Answer

Molarity (M) is the number of moles of solute per litre of solution. Formula: $$ M = \frac{n}{V} $$ where $ n $ = moles of solute, $ V $ = volume of solution in litres.

Answer

Molality (m) is the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent. Unlike molarity, molality does not change with temperature because it depends on mass, not volume.

Answer

Step 1: Moles of CH₃OH = $ \frac{32}{32} = 1 $ mol Step 2: Volume = 200 mL = 0.2 L Step 3: Molarity = $ \frac{1}{0.2} = 5 \, \text{M} $ Answer: 5 M…

Answer

Normality (N) is the number of gram equivalents of solute per litre of solution. For H₂SO₄, basicity = 2, so Normality = 2 × Molarity.

Answer

Mole fraction is the ratio of moles of one component to the total moles in the solution. For a binary solution: $$ X_A = \frac{n_A}{n_A + n_B} $$ Sum of all mole fractions = 1.

Answer

Moles of H₂O = $ \frac{36}{18} = 2 $ mol Moles of C₂H₅OH = $ \frac{46}{46} = 1 $ mol Total moles = 3 Mole fraction of water = $ \frac{2}{3} = 0.67 $ Mole fraction of ethanol = $ \frac{1}{3} = 0.33…