Reflection and Refraction of Light

Answer

Given: R = 40 cm, u = -60 cm (object on left), h = 5 cm Step 1: Calculate focal length: f = R/2 = 40/2 = -20 cm Step 2: Use mirror formula: 1/f = 1/v + 1/u 1/(-20) = 1/v + 1/(-60) 1/(-20) = 1/v - 1/60…

Answer

A spoon is a spherical mirror with two surfaces—concave (inner side) and convex (outer side). The concave surface acts as a converging mirror that can form real, inverted images when the object is pla…

Answer

Laws of Reflection: 1. The incident ray, reflected ray, and normal to the surface at the point of incidence always lie in the same plane. 2. The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection: ∠i =…

Answer

Given: f = +15 cm (convex mirror), u = -10 cm Step 1: Use mirror formula: 1/f = 1/v + 1/u 1/15 = 1/v + 1/(-10) 1/15 = 1/v - 1/10 1/v = 1/15 + 1/10 = (2 + 3)/30 = 5/30 = 1/6 v = +6 cm (Virtual image, 6…

Answer

Snell's Law: sin i / sin r = μ₁₂ Where: - i = angle of incidence - r = angle of refraction - μ₁₂ = refractive index of medium 2 with respect to medium 1 Alternative form: μ₁ sin i = μ₂ sin r Physic…

Answer

Given: i = 45°, μ_air = 1, μ_water = 4/3 Step 1: Apply Snell's law: μ_air × sin i = μ_water × sin r 1 × sin 45° = (4/3) × sin r Step 2: sin 45° = 1/√2 ≈ 0.707 0.707 = (4/3) × sin r Step 3: sin r = 0.7…

Answer

When a pencil is partially submerged in water, light from the submerged portion travels through water (denser medium, μ = 1.33) to air (rarer medium, μ = 1). At the water-air interface, light refracts…

Answer

Given: μ_glass = 1.5, μ_air = 1 Step 1: At critical angle, refraction angle r = 90° Step 2: Apply Snell's law: μ_glass × sin i_c = μ_air × sin 90° 1.5 × sin i_c = 1 × 1 Step 3: sin i_c = 1/1.5 = 2/3 ≈…