Semiconductors and Semiconducting Devices
NIOS · Class 12 · Physics
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See them allWhat is an energy band in a solid? Why does it form?
Answer
In an isolated atom, electrons occupy discrete energy levels. When ~10²³ atoms come together to form a solid, each energy level splits into a large number of very closely spaced levels (spacing ~10⁻²³…
On the basis of energy bands, how are solids classified as conductors, semiconductors, and insulators?
Answer
Classification based on energy bands: 1. CONDUCTORS (Metals): • CB and VB overlap (no band gap) • Electrons are freely available for conduction at all temperatures • Example: Copper, Silver …
What is an intrinsic semiconductor? Describe the role of temperature in its conductivity.
Answer
INTRINSIC SEMICONDUCTOR: A pure semiconductor with no impurity added. Examples: Pure Silicon (Si), Pure Germanium (Ge) At 0 K (Absolute Zero): • All valence electrons are tightly held in covalent bon…
Pure silicon at 300 K has an intrinsic carrier concentration of 1.5 × 10¹⁶ m⁻³. Find the concentration of (a) electrons and (b) holes.
Answer
GIVEN: Intrinsic carrier concentration, ni = 1.5 × 10¹⁶ m⁻³ FIND: Electron concentration (ne) and hole concentration (nh) FORMULA & PRINCIPLE: In an intrinsic semiconductor, electron-hole pairs are …
What is doping? Distinguish between n-type and p-type extrinsic semiconductors.
Answer
DOPING: The process of deliberately adding a small, measured amount of impurity atoms (called dopants) to a pure semiconductor to increase its conductivity. • Dopant amount: ~1 impurity atom per 10⁸ s…
Why is an n-type semiconductor electrically neutral even though it has extra free electrons?
Answer
COMMON MISCONCEPTION: n-type semiconductor is negatively charged because it has more electrons. CORRECT EXPLANATION: When a pentavalent atom (e.g., Phosphorus) is added to Silicon: 1. The phosphorus…
Explain the formation of a p-n junction and the depletion region.
Answer
FORMATION OF p-n JUNCTION: When donor impurities are introduced on one side and acceptor impurities on the other side of a single semiconductor crystal, a p-n junction is formed. STEP-BY-STEP PROCESS…
Differentiate between forward bias and reverse bias of a p-n junction diode.
Answer
FORWARD BIAS: • Connection: +ve terminal of battery → p-side; −ve terminal → n-side • Effect on depletion region: WIDTH DECREASES (barrier reduced) • Barrier potential: External voltage opposes it → r…
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