Wave Phenomena and Light

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Huygens' Principle states: 1. Every point on a given wavefront acts as a source of new secondary disturbances called secondary wavelets, which spread out in all directions with the speed of light in …

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Wavefront: The locus of all points in a medium that are vibrating in the same phase at a given instant of time. Types of Wavefronts: 1. Spherical Wavefront → produced by a point source of light (wave…

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Given: Speed of light, v = 3 × 10⁸ m/s t₁ = 2 s, t₂ = 5 s Formula: Radius = v × t Step 1: Radius at t₁ = 2 s r₁ = 3 × 10⁸ × 2 = 6 × 10⁸ m Step 2: Radius at t₂ = 5 s r₂ = 3 × 10⁸ × 5 = 15 × 10⁸ m S…

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Coherent Sources: Two light sources are said to be coherent if they emit light waves of: • Same frequency • Same amplitude (ideally) • Constant (fixed) phase difference between them at all times Why …

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CONSTRUCTIVE INTERFERENCE (Bright Fringes): (a) Phase difference: δ = 0, 2π, 4π, ... = 2nπ (where n = 0, 1, 2, ...) (b) Path difference: Δ = 0, λ, 2λ, ... = nλ → Waves arrive IN PHASE → amplitudes add…

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Setup: Two slits S₁ and S₂, separated by distance d. Screen at distance D. Wavelength = λ. Position of nth Bright Fringe: xₙ (bright) = nλD/d Position of (n+1)th Bright Fringe: x_(n+1) (bright) = (n…

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Given: d = 0.5 mm = 0.5 × 10⁻³ m = 5 × 10⁻⁴ m D = 1.0 m λ = 600 nm = 600 × 10⁻⁹ m = 6 × 10⁻⁷ m Formula: β = λD/d Step 1: Substitute values β = (6 × 10⁻⁷ × 1.0) / (5 × 10⁻⁴) Step 2: Calculate β = (6…

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Given: Number of fringes = 10 Total length = 2 cm = 2 × 10⁻² m D = 1 m λ = 500 nm = 5 × 10⁻⁷ m Step 1: Find fringe width β = Total length / Number of fringes β = (2 × 10⁻²) / 10 = 2 × 10⁻³ m Step 2:…