Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter

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Photoelectric Effect: The emission of electrons from a metal surface when light of frequency GREATER than a certain minimum (threshold) frequency falls on it. The emitted electrons are called PHOTOEL…

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1. Maximum velocity (and KE) of photoelectrons INCREASES with increasing frequency of incident light. 2. Maximum velocity of photoelectrons does NOT depend on the intensity of incident light. 3. For…

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Stopping Potential (V₀): The minimum RETARDING (negative) potential applied to the anode that reduces the photoelectric current to ZERO for a given frequency of incident light. Equation: eV₀ = ½mv²_m…

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Threshold Frequency (ν₀): The MINIMUM frequency of incident light below which no photoelectric emission occurs, regardless of intensity. Work Function (φ₀): The MINIMUM energy required by an electron…

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Einstein's Photoelectric Equation: hν = φ₀ + K_max Or equivalently: hν = hν₀ + ½mv²_max So: K_max = h(ν − ν₀) Where: • h = Planck's constant (6.626 × 10⁻³⁴ J·s) • ν = frequency of incident light • …

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Given: • φ₀ = 2.3 eV = 2.3 × 1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ J = 3.68 × 10⁻¹⁹ J • h = 6.6 × 10⁻³⁴ J·s Formula: φ₀ = hν₀ Solution: ν₀ = φ₀ / h ν₀ = (3.68 × 10⁻¹⁹) / (6.6 × 10⁻³⁴) ν₀ = 5.6 × 10¹⁴ Hz Answer: Threshold fr…

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Given: • λ = 5 × 10⁻⁷ m • φ₀ = 2.3 eV = 3.68 × 10⁻¹⁹ J • h = 6.6 × 10⁻³⁴ J·s Step 1 – Energy of photon: E = hc/λ = (6.6×10⁻³⁴ × 3×10⁸) / (5×10⁻⁷) E = 3.96 × 10⁻¹⁹ J Step 2 – Einstein's equation: K_m…

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Given: • λ = 5 × 10⁻⁷ m, φ₀ = 2.3 eV = 3.68 × 10⁻¹⁹ J • h = 6.6 × 10⁻³⁴ J·s, c = 3 × 10⁸ m/s Step 1 – Energy of photon: E = hc/λ = (6.6×10⁻³⁴ × 3×10⁸) / (5×10⁻⁷) = 3.96×10⁻¹⁹ J Step 2 – Maximum KE: …