Properties of Fluids

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Pressure is the normal force (thrust) acting per unit area of a surface. Formula: P = Force / Area = F / A SI Unit: N m⁻² (Pascal, Pa) — named after French scientist Blaise Pascal. Key Difference: …

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Consider an imaginary cylinder of cross-section A and height h inside the liquid. Forces acting: • Upward force on bottom face = P₁A • Downward force on top face = P₂A • Weight of liquid in cylinder …

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Given: • h = 100 m • ρ = 10³ kg m⁻³ • g = 9.8 m s⁻² • 1 m wall withstands 10⁵ N m⁻² Step 1: Calculate pressure at bottom. P = ρgh = 10³ × 9.8 × 100 P = 9.8 × 10⁵ N m⁻² Step 2: Use unitary method. 10…

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Given: • h = 1500 m • ρ = 1.024 × 10³ kg m⁻³ • Pₐₜₘ = 1.01 × 10⁵ Pa • g = 9.80 m s⁻² Formula: P = Pₐₜₘ + ρgh Step 1: Calculate ρgh ρgh = 1.024 × 10³ × 9.80 × 1500 = 1.024 × 9.80 × 1500 × 10³ = 1.505…

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Pascal's Law: When pressure is applied at any part of an enclosed liquid, it is transmitted undiminished to every point of the liquid as well as to the walls of the container. Also called: Law of Tra…

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Given: • Weight on large piston (W₂) = 5000 kg-f, A₂ = 10 m² • Mass of boy = 25 kg, A₁ = 0.05 m² Using Pascal's Law: F₁/A₁ = F₂/A₂ ⟹ F₂ = F₁ × (A₂/A₁) Force boy can create on large piston: F₂ = 25 ×…

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Archimedes' Principle: When an object is submerged partially or fully in a fluid, the magnitude of the buoyant force on it is always equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object. Buoyant …

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Physical Principle: Archimedes' Principle (Buoyancy) Explanation: • Hot air has less density than cold (surrounding) air. • When the balloon is filled with hot air, it displaces a volume of surroundi…