Nuclei and Radioactivity — Flashcards

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An atomic nucleus contains two types of particles: 1. Protons – positively charged particles 2. Neutrons – neutral (no charge) particles Protons and neutrons together are called NUCLEONS. Key values…

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Definitions: (a) Atomic Number (Z) = Number of protons in the nucleus = Number of electrons in a neutral atom (b) Mass Number (A) = Total number of nucleons (protons + neutrons) A = Z + N (c) …

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ISOTOPES – Same Z, Different A (same element, different neutrons) • Example: ¹²₆C and ¹⁴₆C (both are carbon, Z=6) • Same chemical properties, different physical properties ISOBARS – Same A, Different…

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Step 1 – Check for same Z (Isotopes): • ³⁵₁₇Cl and ³⁷₁₇Cl → both have Z=17 → ISOTOPES ✓ Step 2 – Check for same A (Isobars): • ⁴⁰₁₈Ar and ⁴⁰₂₀Ca → both have A=40 → ISOBARS ✓ Step 3 – Check for same …

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Formula: R = r₀ × A^(1/3) where: • r₀ = 1.2 fm = 1.2 × 10⁻¹⁵ m (unit nuclear radius) • A = mass number • 1 fermi (fm) = 10⁻¹⁵ m For ²⁷₁₃Al: A = 27 Step 1: A^(1/3) = 27^(1/3) = 3 Step 2: R = 1.2 × 1…

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Given: • M_H = 1.673 × 10⁻²⁷ kg • R_H = 1.2 × 10⁻¹⁵ m (since A=1 for hydrogen) Formula: density d = M / (4/3 × π × R³) Step 1: R³ = (1.2 × 10⁻¹⁵)³ = 1.728 × 10⁻⁴⁵ m³ Step 2: Volume = (4/3) × π × 1.

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Definition: 1 u (unified atomic mass unit) is defined as 1/12th of the mass of one ¹²₆C atom. 1 u = (1/12) × mass of ¹²C atom = (1/12) × 1.99267 × 10⁻²⁶ kg = 1.660565 × 10⁻²⁷ kg ≈ 1.66 × …

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Definition: The mass of a nucleus is ALWAYS less than the sum of the masses of its individual nucleons (protons + neutrons). This difference in mass is called the MASS DEFECT (Δm). Formula: Δm = [Z·m…