Reproduction

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Reproduction is the biological process by which organisms give rise to their own kind. It helps the species continue from one generation to the next.

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Reproduction occurs in two ways: asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction involves a single parent, while sexual reproduction involves fusion of male and female gametes.

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Amoeba reproduces by binary fission. One cell divides into two individuals, so only one parent is involved and no gametes are formed.

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This is budding. In budding, a small outgrowth forms on the parent body, grows, and then separates to become a new individual.

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Chlamydomonas reproduces by spore formation. Its cytoplasm and nucleus divide successively to form 4 to 8 spores, and each spore can develop into a new individual.

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Vegetative propagation is asexual reproduction because a new plant grows from root, stem, or leaf parts of a single parent plant without fusion of gametes.

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Micropropagation is the raising of plants through tissue culture. A small plant piece is grown in nutrient medium to form callus and then new plantlets.

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Callus is an undifferentiated mass of cells formed in tissue culture. It can later give rise to new plantlets.