Thermal Energy

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Temperature is the degree of hotness or coldness of a body due to which it is called warmer or colder. It tells the direction of heat flow: heat always flows from higher temperature to lower temperatu…

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Heat is a form of energy. It can do work. Steam in a kettle can lift the lid because heat energy changes into mechanical work.

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Woollen clothes reduce the flow of heat from the body to the cold surroundings. This helps the body stay warmer for a longer time.

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J. P. Joule experimentally proved that mechanical work can produce heat. He found that boring a gun barrel with a blunt borer produced so much heat that water near it started boiling.

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One Calorie of heat is equivalent to 4.2 Joule of work. This shows that heat and work are equivalent forms of energy.

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Heat always flows from a body at higher temperature to a body at lower temperature. The flow continues until both bodies reach the same temperature.

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Thermal equilibrium is the state when two bodies in contact reach the same temperature. At this stage, heat lost by the hot body equals heat gained by the cold body, if no heat is lost to the surround…

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Heat transferred is directly proportional to mass and to temperature difference. The relation is Q = msΔθ, where Q is heat transferred, m is mass, s is specific heat capacity, and Δθ is temperature di…